MOOG: Inventor, Company, and IP

How much do you know about synthesizers or theremins? If you're an electronic music fan, or a modern musician, chances are you've at least heard about them, and likely the name Moog. And if you do, chances also are you've seen news about Moog Music.

Robert (Bob) Moog (pronounced MOHG) was one of the greatest American synthesizer and theremin designers and engineers. He invented what amounted to the first commercial synthesizer, the eponymous "Moog Synthesizer" in 1964. In 1970, he created a portable version, the "Minimoog". And while working towards his PhD in engineering physics at Cornell (earned 1965), he designed multiple theremins.

Moog's symbol, used since 1964

But this isn't strictly about Bob Moog, or how he impacted modern music. It's about the cruel vagaries of IP, and the IP saga surrounding Dr. Moog, the companies he founded, and its current fate. 

Despite his ingenuity in designing electronic musical equipment, Moog was never a savvy businessman. He founded his original company, R.A. Moog Co., in 1953. It was a small start-up that sold mail-order self-assembled theremin kits. It mostly funded his education in the beginning, but later grew in size and produced Moog synthesizers. 

TESS information on the Moog symbol, first registered by R. A. Moog, Inc.

In 1969, Moog was granted his patent, US 3,475,623, for "Electronic High-pass and Low-pass Filters Employing the Base to Emitter Diode Resistance of Bipolar Transistors", which may be credited with creating the distinct Moog synthesizer sound. No patents were pursued by or issued to Moog or his business(es) after that.

Diagram image from US patent 3,475,623 for the high-pass filter function

In a simplified version of the company's history in the early 1970s, it was briefly acquired by muSonics and renamed Moog Music. Shortly after, due to financial issues, it was sold to Norlin Musical Instruments. Moog remained working as a designer for Norlin for a few years, but lost control of his musical equipment trademark. Of the 10 US patents that credit Moog as inventor, 8 belong to Norlin.

US Patent 4,050,343 Electronic Music Synthesizer, one of Moog's most important Norlin inventions

When Moog left Norlin in 1977, he moved to North Carolina and started a new synthesier company, Big Briar. He was completely disconnected from his namesake trademark in music.

Moog Music and Norlin declared bankruptcy in 1987. But the Moog trademark did return to Bob Moog. Another entity purchased its rights when the registration expired in 1994; Don Martin owned Moog's eponymous trademark.

While the 1980s saw a decline in popularity of analog synthesizers characteristic of Moog Music equipment (like the Minimoog), the trademark and its associated inventor never completely diminished. Moog continued to be an important name in the electronic music industry across the decades.

Moog Music, Inc. trademark, reg. no. 2473815

In 2000, a legal battle over Moog Music and associated trademarks ensued, with Moog working to regain the rights. Therefore, it was a triumph for Dr. Moog when he finally won the case and ownership of Moog Music in 2002.

Big Briar, of Asheville, NC was dropped and Moog Music reinstated. A resurgence in popularity of analog synthesizers, starting in the 2000s, meant the business had a real market. Bob Moog returned to creating new products. The Moogerfooger of Big Briar was accompanied by the Minimoog Voyager and more.

A specimen image of a Moogerfooger, provided for the trademark registration (no. 2379940)

Unfortunately, Dr. Moog was never meant to enjoy a lengthy career as a successful businessman. He died from brain cancer complications in 2005, just a few years after he finally owned his trademark again, after almost three decades.

Yet the IP story of Moog Music hardly ends there. After Bob Moog's death, his business partner took over, and shifted about 40% of the shares in the company to its employees, creating a largely employee-controlled business in 2015. This became a core part of the Moog Music reputation and brand identity.

Figure from US Patent 10,229,664 Voltage Controlled Oscillator with Variable Core for Electronic Musical Instrument and Related Methods, Moog Music's last

As mentioned above, electronic music equipment engineers and creators evidently are not known for business savvy (this trajectory of losing control of a business is just one; see Dave Smith of Sequential Circuits or Alan R. Pearlman of ARP). Moog Music survived the employee-directed format for less than a decade.

Here we reach the part of the tale that has demanded recent news attention. Moog Music has once again been sold to another company. It almost certainly will not be employee-controlled, as they have little ownership in the current circumstances. And it's hard to say what the future will be for one of the most famous names and brands in electronic music.

inMusic, the new owner, is a conglomerate and holds multiple music brands already. Their website is simply a list of those (Moog not yet included). It is probably accurate to assume that Bob Moog would not have been in favor of this arrangement; yet it is undeniable it follows a similar pattern from his lifetime.

Resources: 

https://moogfoundation.org

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_Music

Happy National Eight Track Tape Day

Happy National Eight Track Tape Day! Yes, that’s right, April 11^th is National Eight Track Tape Day in the U.S.

Like many born after 1980, I am not personally familiar with eight track tapes. But, I have heard of them, mostly in TV shows or movies set in the heyday of the eight track tape (particularly the 1970s). However, when I learned that today is their national day, I couldn't help but think about their invention, which subsequently led to this post.

The inventor of the technology for both the tape and its player is William P. Lear, better known as the Lear behind Lear Jet Industries and holder of multiple jet component patents (like engines). He filed applications for a series of magnetic tape and player patents starting in 1964.

I found some aspects of searching for these patents a little challenging. I encountered the first searching the inventor field. The field code operator simplifies searching specific fields, but not for multiple names of one individual. (William AND Lear).inv. was the best search phrase; results may include inventors named William, but not Lear, and vice versa, but it was better than others. (William Lear).inv. did not seem to require inventor lists with both names, even among separate people. (“William Lear”).inv. had zero results; presumably due to filing with William Lear's middle name or initial. Still, the best results listed 274 patents filed by William and Lear inventor(s), too many to review (Image 1).

Image 1: Search history for William Lear on Patent Public Search

 

I decided to use a search method that I hadn’t yet attempted in the new Patent Public Search: date ranges (and I did not know the patents' names, numbers, or other identifiers). Eight track tapes and the mobile-adapted player were invented in the 1960s; I wasn’t sure of the exact dates. I tried several approaches before re-reading help documents, where I saw searching date ranges does not use standard wildcard symbols.

Despite implementing the correct date range search phrases, I still did not find both player and tape patents in one result set. Why I found success only with search 23's phrase, ((William AND Lear).inv.) AND (@py>=1960<=1970), is still baffling. Let me know if you figure it out (Image 2).

Image 2: Search history for date range in Patent Public Search

Moreover, this phrasing allowed me to view how many patents related to the eight track tape Lear filed during that period! I still sometimes forget that inventors need to file separate patents for multiple parts of an invention. Along with the tape and player anticipated, I also found patents for the spooling mechanism, the housing cartridge, the combination of a radio with the player, and more (Image 3). It’s quite a break in the long, long list of Mr. Lear's jet-focused inventions. 

Image 3: List of patents by William Lear, many related to eight track tapes

Anyway, eight track tapes were the first widely-available portable recording format, and probably led to changing the way consumers listened to music. While it didn’t immediately end radio, I think it was one of the first steps towards the fading radio industry we’re witnessing today. For over 50 years since Mr. Lear first filed his patent, people expect music and recordings to be easily transportable in a small size, largely thanks to his inventions.

Download the patent for the spool construction here, and the patent for the housing for radio and tape player here.

I’m left with only two questions: Who decided to designate an eight track tape day, and why?